What theory suggests that deviance arises when there is unequal access to socially acceptable goals?

Strain Theory is a sociological perspective that posits deviance occurs when there is a disconnect between culturally approved goals and the legitimate means to achieve those goals. This framework suggests that society has certain aspirations, such as wealth, success, or educational attainment, that it promotes as desirable. However, not everyone has equal access to the resources or opportunities needed to achieve those aspirations due to structural inequalities such as socioeconomic status, race, or education. Consequently, individuals who feel strained by this gap may resort to deviant behavior or alternative methods to obtain those societal goals.

In contrast, Labeling Theory focuses on how labeling individuals as deviant can perpetuate deviant behavior, while Conflict Theory emphasizes the power dynamics and conflicts between different social groups. Functionalist Theory, on the other hand, views deviance as a natural part of society that can serve functions, like promoting social cohesion or clarifying social norms. Each of these perspectives approaches the concept of deviance from different angles, but Strain Theory directly addresses the impact of unequal access to societal goals on deviant behavior.