What is a 'structural hole' in network theory?

In network theory, a 'structural hole' refers to the gap that exists between two separate clusters in a network. This gap can occur when two individuals or groups are not directly connected but hold complementary resources or information that could be beneficial if shared. The concept illustrates how social networks can be analyzed in terms of their structures and connections, highlighting the strategic advantages that can arise from bridging these gaps.

By occupying a position that spans this structural hole, an individual can act as a broker between the two clusters, facilitating communication and resource exchange. This position can result in enhanced opportunities for influence, power, and access to diverse information and resources, benefiting the individual bridging the gap.

Other options do not capture the full implication of structural holes. The first option describes a general absence of interaction rather than the specific nature of connections between clusters. The second speaks to a lack of connections overall but misses the nuance of complementary resources. The final choice discusses social norms but does not relate to the structural aspects of networks that structural holes encompass. Thus, the correct answer reflects the significance of these gaps in the larger framework of network theory.