In research, what is a sample?

In research, a sample refers to a subset of the population that is selected for the purpose of data collection and analysis. This allows researchers to draw conclusions about the larger population without needing to examine every individual within that group, which can be impractical or impossible. By analyzing a sample, researchers can infer trends, behaviors, and characteristics that are representative of the entire population, thereby saving time and resources while still producing valid results.

A sample is essential in statistical analysis and social research because it enables researchers to conduct manageable studies that yield useful insights and findings. This method relies on careful selection processes, often aiming for random sampling to ensure that the sample reflects the diversity and characteristics of the overall population.

The other options describe methods that are either broader or narrower than a sample, or they suggest approaches that do not align with research practices. For example, studying an entire population over time would be an exhaustive approach that does not take the concept of sampling into account. A random selection of unrelated individuals might not accurately represent the population's structure, and a comprehensive analysis of all cases would negate the need for sampling altogether.